Teen Age Divers – Problem?
Sport diving imposes no legal limits on age, but most diver training organizations require candidates to be 15 years old for full certification. Training is provided to younger candidates who receive conditional certification until age 15. Ordinarily, the minimum age is 12; below this age seems to be quite young to us.
Diving Concerns – Condition Related
Variable rate of growth
The rate of development, growth and maturity of teens varies greatly and the age which they can take up sport diving is not uniform because of the psychological, intellectual and physical factors.
Maturity
Traits that are important – good judgment, responsibility, attention to detail and respect for rules are traits that may be slow to develop in some teens.
They should be physically able to manage the gear and carry out self and buddy rescue.
They must be able to understand the physics and biology involved with an ability to understand the dangers without being frightened.
Diver Related
Generally, the ages 14-16 are the times to start–gifted and mature teens may possess the above abilities sooner. Of course, there is always the exception to the rule, and many 11, 12 and 13 year olds who are physically and mentally capable of handling the heavy equipment and the training can be taught to dive.
Fitness considerations for young divers should be directed towards emotional maturity, ability to learn and understand the requisite physiologic, physical and environmental data needed for safe diving, and towards strength requirements necessary for handling diving equipment.
Risk Assessment
Risk from the Condition – Growth plates
Young divers should use dive profiles which minimize risk for decompression sickness to eliminate concern for injury to growing tissues, such as the growth plates of bones. There are no good studies that indicate that the growth plates (epiphyseal plates) are a particular problem — but supposition that an area of increased vascularity “might” be more susceptible to bubbles. Since the damage that can be done to bone is in direct proportion to the length of time at depth, it would appear that these factors should be restricted in the growing teen-ager who has a life-time of diving ahead. Arbitrary depths and times have to be chosen to maintain low levels of onboard nitrogen; carefully monitored ascent rates with safety deco stops are definitely suggested.
Patent foramen ovale
It is known that the rate of closure of a patent foramen ovale is highly variable and a certain percentage of children will not have closed their defect by age 10. Because of this late closure in some individuals, it is possible that the percentage of children with PFO and right to left shunt could be even higher than the known rate of 25% in the general population. Programs allowing compressed surface-supplied air (SSA) to be provided to children as young as 5 would seem to be conducive to venous gas accessing the arterial circulation with disastrous central nervous system manifestations.
Risks from treatment – Risks to the Diver
In addition, the child should be physically, mentally and emotionally mature enough to rescue a ‘buddy’ in distress. This final caveat may be the ‘kicker’ that would prevent a 10 year old from becoming certified.
Physically, the young diver should be near 45 kg. (108 lb.) and 150 cm. tall (60 inches). He/she should be able to handle the bulky diving equipment and should be able to enter and exit the water without difficulty. Cold stress and buoyancy control pose special problems for the person of smaller statue, particularly on the surface in a suit. Gear size can be reduced and smaller tanks utilized.
Advising the Diver
Potential for injury from future diving
Possible injury from damaged growth plates
Possible increased risk for decompression illness from incomplete closure of PFO
Possible bone and joint injury from heavy equipment
Possible injury from trauma from entry and exit
Possible inury from cold stress
Possible injury from difficult buoyancy control due to size and poorly fitting thermal gear
Modifiers
Good physical conditioning, large size for age
Absence of cardiovascular disease [PFO]
Mentally alert and ability to understand the physics/physiology of diving
Alteration of diving profiles with shallower, shorter diving, longer and deeper safety stops and longer surface intervals
Motivation
Dive or not dive
Teen Classes
I strongly recommend that children take lessons with other teens-not in a mixed class with adults; and, that the instructor be knowledgeable about teens, and have a supportive style without the “macho” attitude that some instructors exhibit, often humiliating members of the classes.
Should not be ‘dragooned’ by a parent or sibling
Finally, there is nothing worse than being “dragooned” into diving. For those who are too small to use diving equipment comfortably, or who are too young intellectually there are alternatives to diving which will prepare them for diving later, ie., swimming in waves and currents, underwater swimming, swimming with fins or kickboard and snorkeling offers a great transition to diving for youngsters.
References:
Teen Age Diving by Maida Taylor, MD
Why I Do Not Train Kids by Larry “Harris” Taylor, PhD
Bar-Or-O: Pediatric Sports
Medicine for the Practitioner from Physiologic Principles to Clinical Applications, NY, Springer Verlag, 1983
Bar-Or-O: Climate and the Exercising Child-a review: Int J Sports Med 1980, 1:53
Branta C, Haubenstricker J, and Seefeldt V: Age changes in motor skills during childhood and adolescence. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1984,12:467
Dembert ML, Keith JF; Evaluating the Potential pediatric scuba diver. Am J Dis Child 1986; 140:1135-1141